Javanese language (Javanese: basa Jawa, Indonesian: bahasa Jawa) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. In addition, there are also some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 75,500,000 people.
The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians.
Outside Indonesia, there are some Javanese-speaking people in neighboring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. In addition there are also people of Javanese descent in Suriname (the former Dutch Guiana until 1975), who speak a creole descendant of the language. The Javanese speakers in Malaysia are especially found in the states of Selangor and Johor. For distribution in other parts, as far as Suriname, see Demographic distribution of Javanese speakers below.
Introduction
This is a map of where Javanese is spoken. Dark green is where it is spoken as a major language. Light green is where it is a minority language.
Javanese is a Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian language, but is otherwise not particularly close to other languages and is difficult to classify. It is however not too dissimilar from neighboring languages such as Malay, Sundanese, Madurese, and Balinese.
Javanese is spoken in Central and East Java, as well as on the north coast of West Java. In Madura, Bali, Lombok and the Sunda region of West Java, Javanese is also used as a literary language. It was the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra, until their palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century.
Javanese can be regarded as one of the classical languages of the world, with a vast literature spanning more than twelve centuries. Scholars divide the development of Javanese language in four different stages:
Old Javanese, from the 9th century
Middle Javanese, from the 13th century
New Javanese, from the 16th century
Modern Javanese, from the 20th century (this classification is not used universally)
Javanese is written with the Javanese script, Arabo-Javanese script, Arabic script (modified for Javanese) and Latin script.[1]
Although not currently an official language anywhere, Javanese is the Austronesian language with the largest number of native speakers. It is spoken or understood by approximately 80 million people. At least 45% of the total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. Five out of six Indonesian presidents since 1945 are of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has a deep impact on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia, which is a modern dialect of Malay.
There are three main dialects of Modern Javanese: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese and Western Javanese. There is a dialect continuum from Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi, in the foremost eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible.
Syntax
Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese particularly had VSO or sometimes VOS word orders. Even in Modern Javanese archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made.
Examples:
Modern Javanese: "Dhèwèké (S) teka (V) nèng (pp.) kedhaton (O)".
Old Javanese: "Teka (V) ta (part.) sira (S) ri (pp.) ng (def. art.) kadhatwan (O)".[4]
Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) in (pp.) the (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle ta from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost in prepositions (it is expressed in another way).
Verbs are not inflected for person or number. Tense is not indicated either, but is expressed by auxiliary words such as "yesterday", "already", etc. There is also a complex system of verb affixes to express the different status of the subject and object.
However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the so-called topic-comment model without having to refer to classical grammatical or syntactical categories such as the aforementioned subject, object, predicates, etc. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So our Javanese above-mentioned sentence could then be described as follows: Dhèwèké = topic; teka = comment; nèng kedhaton = setting.
Politeness
A Javanese noble lady (left) when addressing her servant, would use different set of vocabulary from what her servant would use in return. (Studio portrait of painter Raden Saleh's wife and a servant, colonial Batavia. 1860-1872.)
Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three distinct styles, or registers.[6] Each style employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules and even prosody. This is not unique to Javanese; neighboring Austronesian languages as well as East Asian languages such as Korean and Japanese share similar constructions.
In Javanese these styles are called:
Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It is also used by persons of higher status to persons of lower status, such as elders to younger people or bosses to subordinates.
Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama. An example of the context where one would use madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants to be neither too formal nor too informal. The term is from Sanskrit madya, "middle".[7]
Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between persons of the same status who do not wish to be informal. It is also the official style for public speeches, announcements, etc. It is also used by persons of lower status to persons of higher status, such as youngsters to elder people or subordinates to bosses. The term is from Sanskrit krama, "in order".[7]
In addition, there are also "meta-style" words – the honorifics and humilifics. When one talks about oneself, one has to be humble. But when one speaks of someone else with a higher status or to whom one wants to be respectful, honorific terms are used. Status is defined by age, social position and other factors. The humilific words are called krama andhap words while the honorific words are called krama inggil words. For example, children often use the ngoko style, but when talking to the parents they must use both krama inggil and krama andhap.
Below some examples are provided to explain these different styles.
Ngoko: Aku arep mangan (I want to eat)
Madya: Kula ajeng nedha.
Krama:
(Neutral) Kula badhé nedhi.
(Humble) Dalem badhé nedhi.
The most polite word of eat is "dhahar". But it's forbidden to use any most polite word for self expressing, except when talking with lower status people, and in this case, ngkoko style is used. The use of most polite words are only for expressing other, especially upper status people, like shown bellow:
Mixed:
(Honorific - Addressed to someone with a high(er) status.) Bapak kersa dhahar? (Do you want to eat? Literally meaning: Does father want to eat?)
(reply towards persons with lower status, expressing self superiority) Iya, aku kersa dhahar. (Yes, I want to eat).
(reply towards persons with lower status, but without having the need to express one's superiority) Iya, aku arep mangan.
(reply towards persons with the same status) Inggih, kula badhé nedha.
The use of these different styles is complicated and requires thorough knowledge of the Javanese culture. This is one element that makes it difficult for foreigners to learn Javanese. On the other hand, these different styles of speech are actually not mastered by the majority of Javanese. Most people only master the first style and a rudimentary form of the second style. People who can correctly use the different styles are held in high esteem.
[edit] Dialects of modern Javanese
Sultan Pakubuwono X of Surakarta. Surakarta was center of Javanese culture and its dialect is regarded as the most refined.
There are three main groups of Javanese dialects based on the sub region where the speakers live. They are: Western Javanese, Central Javanese and Eastern Javanese. The differences between these dialectical groups are primarily pronunciation and, to a lesser extent, vocabulary. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible.
The Central Javanese variant, based on the speech of Surakarta[8] (and also to a degree of Yogyakarta), is considered as the most "refined" Javanese dialect. Accordingly standard Javanese is based on this dialect. These two cities are the seats of the four Javanese principalities, heirs to the Mataram Sultanate, which once reigned over almost the whole of Java and beyond. Speakers spread from north to south of the Central Java province and utilize many dialects, such as Muria and Semarangan, as well as Surakarta and Yogyakarta. To a lesser extent, there are also dialects such as those used in Pekalongan or Dialek Pantura and Kebumen (a variation of Banyumasan). The variations of Javanese dialect in Central Java are said to be so plentiful that almost all administrative regions (kabupaten) have their own native slang that is only recognizable by people from that region, but those minor dialects are not distinctive to most Javanese speakers.
In addition to Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Central Javanese is also used in the western part of East Java province. For example, Javanese spoken in the Madiun region bears a strong influence of Surakarta Javanese (as well as Javanese spoken in Ponorogo, Pacitan, and Tulungagung), while Javanese spoken in Bojonegoro and Tuban is similar to that spoken in the Pati region (Muria dialect).
Western Javanese, spoken in the western part of the Central Java province and throughout the West Java province (particularly in the north coast region), contains dialects which are distinct for their Sundanese influences and which still maintain many archaic words. The dialects include North Banten, Banyumasan, Tegal, Jawa Serang, North coast, Indramayu (or Dermayon) and Cirebonan (or Basa Cerbon).
Eastern Javanese speakers range from the eastern banks of Brantas River in Kertosono, Nganjuk to Banyuwangi, comprising the majority of the East Java province, excluding Madura island. However, the dialect has been influenced by Madurese, and is sometimes referred to as Surabayan speech.
The most aberrant dialect is spoken in Balambangan (or Banyuwangi) in the eastern-most part of Java. It is generally known as Basa Osing. Osing is the word for negation and is a cognate of the Balinese tusing, Balinese being the neighboring language directly to the east. In the past this area of Java was in possession of Balinese kings and warlords.
In addition to these three main Javanese dialects, there is Surinamese Javanese. Surinamese Javanese is mainly based on the Central Javanese dialect, especially from the Kedu residency.
Old Javanese
Main article: Old Javanese language
Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th century Javanese poem.
While evidence of writing in Java dates to the Sanskrit "Tarumanegara inscription" of 450, the oldest example written entirely in Javanese, called the "Sukabumi inscription", is dated March 25, 804. This inscription, located in the district of Pare in the Kediri regency of East Java, is actually a copy of the original, dated some 120 years earlier; only this copy has been preserved. Its contents concern the construction of a dam for an irrigation canal near the river Śrī Hariñjing (nowadays Srinjing). This inscription is the last of its kind to be written using Pallava script; all consequent examples are written using Javanese script.
The 8th and 9th centuries are marked with the emergence of the Javanese literary tradition with Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, a Buddhist treatise and the Kakawin Rāmâyaṇa , a Javanese rendering in Indian metres of the Vishnuistic Sanskrit epic, Rāmāyaṇa.
Although Javanese as a written language appeared considerably later than Malay (extant in the 7th century), the Javanese literary tradition is continuous from its inception to present day. The oldest works, such as the above mentioned Rāmāyaṇa, and a Javanese rendering of the Indian Mahabharata epic are studied assiduously today.
The expansion of the Javanese culture, including Javanese script and language, began in 1293 with the eastward push of the Hindu–Buddhist East-Javanese Empire Majapahit, toward Madura and Bali. The Javanese campaign in Bali in 1363 has had a deep and lasting impact. With the introduction of the Javanese administration, Javanese replaced Balinese as the language of administration and literature. Though the Balinese people preserved much of the older literature of Java and even created their own in Javanese idioms, Balinese ceased to be written until the 19th century.
See also: Kawi language
[edit] Middle Javanese
The Majapahit Empire also saw the rise of a new language, Middle Javanese, which is an intermediate form between Old Javanese and New Javanese. In fact, Middle Javanese is so similar to New Javanese that works written in Middle Javanese should be easily comprehended by Modern Javanese speakers who are well acquainted with literary Javanese.
A modern Javanese inscription in Sholihin Mosque, Surakarta.
The Majapahit Empire fell due to internal disturbances in Paregreg civil war, thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406, and attacks by Islamic forces of the Sultanate of Demak on the north coast of Java. There is a Javanese chronogram concerning the fall which reads, "sirna ilang krĕtaning bumi" ("vanished and gone was the prosperity of the world"), indicating the date AD 1478. Thus there is a popular belief that Majapahit collapsed in 1478, though it may have lasted into the 16th century. This was the last Hindu Javanese empire.
[edit] New Javanese
In the 16th century a new era in Javanese history began with the rise of the Islamic Central Javanese Mataram Sultanate, originally a vassal state of Majapahit. Ironically, the Mataram Empire rose as an Islamic kingdom which sought revenge for the demise of the Hindu Majapahit Empire by first crushing Demak, the first Javanese Islamic kingdom.
Javanese culture spread westward as Mataram conquered many previously Sundanese areas in western parts of Java; and Javanese became the dominant language in more than a third of this area. As in Bali, the Sundanese language ceased to be written until the 19th century. In the meantime it was heavily influenced by Javanese, and some 40% of Sundanese vocabulary is believed to have been derived from Javanese.
Though Islamic in name, the Mataram II empire preserved many elements of the older culture, incorporating them into the new religion. This is the reason why Javanese script is still in use as opposed to the writing of Old-Malay for example. After the Malays were converted, they dropped their form of indigenous writing and changed to a form of the "script of the Divine", the Arabic script.
In addition to the rise of Islam, the 16th century saw the emergence of the New Javanese language. The first Islamic documents in Javanese were already written in New Javanese, although still in antiquated idioms and with numerous Arabic loanwords. This is to be expected as these early New Javanese documents are Islamic treatises.
Later, intensive contacts with the Dutch and with other Indonesians gave rise to a simplified form of Javanese and influx of foreign loanwords.
[edit] Modern Javanese
Some scholars dub the spoken form of Javanese in the 20th century Modern Javanese, although it is essentially still the same language as New Javanese.
Daily conversation
Javanese Ngoko: Piyé kabaré?
Javanese Kromo: Pripun wartanipun panjenengan?
Indonesian/Malay: Apa kabar? or Bagaimana kabar Anda?
English: How are you? or How have you been?.
Javanese Ngoko: Aku apik waé, piyé awakmu/sampèyan?
Javanese Kromo: Kula saé kémawòn, pripun kalian panjenengan?
Indonesian/Malay: Saya baik-baik saja, bagaimana dengan Anda?
English: I am fine, how about you?.
Javanese Ngoko: Sapa jenengmu?
Javanese Kromo: Sinten asmanipun panjengenan?
Indonesian/Malay: Siapa nama Anda?
English: What is your name.
Javanese Ngoko: Jenengku Jòhn
Javanese Kromo: Nami kula Jòhn
Indonesian/Malay: Nama saya John
English: My name is John.
Javanese Ngoko: Suwun/Matur nuwun
Javanese Kromo: Matur sembah nuwun
Indonesian/Malay: Terima kasih
English: Thank you.
Javanese Ngoko: Kowé arep ngombé apa?
Javanese Kromo: Panjenengan kersa ngunjuk punapa?
Indonesian/Malay: Anda mau minum apa?
English: What do you want to drink?.
Javanese Ngoko: Aku arep ngombé kòpi waé, Mas/Pak!
Javanese Kromo: Kula badhé ngunjuk kòpi kémawòn, Pak!
Indonesian/Malay: Saya ingin minum segelas kopi, Pak!
English: I want to drink a glass of coffe, Sir!.
Javanese Ngoko: Aku tresna karo kowé, Ndhuk!
Javanese Kromo: Kula tresna kalian panjenengan, Nyi!
Indonesian/Malay: Aku jatuh cinta padamu, Dik!
English: I am falling in love with you, Lady!.
Javanese: Witing tresna jalaran saka kulina (proverb)
Indonesian/Malay: Cinta datang karena terbiasa
English: Love comes from habit.
[edit] Words
explanation: Javanese Ngoko is on the left and Javanese Kromo is on the right
yes = iyo - inggih (nggeh)
no = ora - mboten
what = opo - menopo
who = sopo - sinten
how = piye/kepriye - kadospundi/pripun
why = ngopo - kenging menopo
eat = mangan/maem - dahar/nedho
sleep = turu - sare/bobok
here = neng kene - mriki
there = neng kono - mrono
there is (there are) = ono/eneng - onten/wonten
there is no (there are no) = ra ono/ra eneng - mboten wonten
no! I don't want it! = emoh/moh - wegah
make a visit for pleasure = dolan - ameng-ameng
[edit] Numbers
explanation: Javanese Ngoko is on the left and Javanese Kromo is on the right
1 = siji - setunggal
2 = loro - kalih
3 = telu - tiga/tigo
4 = papat - sekawan
5 = limo - gangsal
6 = enem - enem
7 = pitu - pitu
8 = wolu - hasta/hesto
9 = songo - sanga/songo
10 = sepuluh - sedasa (sedoso)
50 = seket - siket
100 = satus - setunggah atus
hundreds = ngatus - atus
1000 = sewu - sewu
thousands = ngewu - ewu
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