Cyber ​​Crime 2012: The Android Users Beware

Android device users beware criminals in cyberspace (cyber) have worked hard last year, and continues to improve its ability this year.
Along with the widespread use of the Android operating system, virus makers and creator of the malicious program also seeks to penetrate this system, the trick to get benefit from it, or just plain annoying and performance capabilities.
Tablet computers and mobile phones are now being put on android operating system, asked to be vigilant. "In terms of malware trends for 2012, the first place is the mobile malware," said Sebastian Bortnik, co-ordinator of research at antivirus firm ESET in Latin America.

"Strong growth in market share for the Android platform has made it the main focus of the developers of malware targeting mobile devices."

Android malware is not the only trend. Of operating systems, Gartner predicts Windows 7 operating system will become the most widely used by the end of the year.


That means some of the threats that tend to be more "popular" in 2012, according to ESET.

Although security technologies in operating systems like Windows 7 has more enhanced, cyber criminals are also developing a more complex malware to defeat the security fortress.

According to ESET cyber criminals tend to use the line "traditional" for scams and malware, such as email, instant messaging or a USB device.

They're not going to change, but still manipulate the social networks, like facebook, then the search results poisoned with blackhat SEO techniques, and drive-by-downloads. Malware then infect and damage tissue.

"Malware" is a computer program that was created with the intent and main purpose of looking for software vulnerabilities. Malware is generally created to break into or damage the software or operating system.

Examples of malware is a Virus, Worm, Wabbit, Keyloggers, Browser Hijacker, Trojan Horse, Spyware, Backdoor, dialer, Exploit and Rootkits.

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Thailand's court sentenced 20 years to a 61-year-old man for sending SMS

Thailand's court sentenced 20 years to a 61-year-old man for sending SMS messages insulting the kingdom. Ampon Tangnoppakul convicted four short messages sent to an officer who was working for former Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, at the height of anti-government protests last year.
Ampon face charges based on computer crime legislation and reputation protection laws of the kingdom. He was arrested in August last year and declared not guilty to the charges.
Once arrested, the Bureau of Investigation Thailand said that the SMS message "unworthy and insulting the monarchy and make pissed on the receiving end." The SMS content that is not described in detail.
The royal family is a very sensitive subject in Thailand. King Bhumibol, who held the throne since 1950, had appeared in public since the September 2009 admission.
At first he was treated for pneumonia and he mentioned should still be treated for physical therapy and nutrition to recover kondisinya.Raja Aduljadej Bhumibol hospitalized in the last two years.
King Bhumibol Adulyadej, 83, is the longest reigning monarch in the world and highly respected citizens of Thailand. A number of academics expressed in recent years more and more cases of insulting the monarchy. Organizations, human rights expressed concern that the law was used to suppress freedom of expression under the previous administration. Last month, a Thailand-born U.S. citizen pleaded guilty to insulting the monarchy. Wichai Commart Joe Gordon was arrested last May while on holiday in Thailand.
He was accused of putting a link on the translation of books banned in her blog. He is also accused of publishing material deemed insulting to while living in America. UN special envoy for freedom of expression Frank La Rue urged
Thailand to amend related laws of this kingdom.
Following the UN's call this, Thailand's Foreign Ministry acknowledged that the legislation is likely to be abused but still stressed that the goal to protect the kingdom, instead of limiting free speech.
Chiranuch Premchaiporn, editor of internet sites also face 20 years in prison on charges related to the kingdom on its website. But the link on the site Chiranuch is listed by others.
He rejected the charges stating he did not immediately revoke the 10 comments of others that are considered critical of the kingdom, on the site in 2008.

READ MORE - Thailand's court sentenced 20 years to a 61-year-old man for sending SMS

A man has been charged with having sex with a horse

A man has been charged with having sex with a horse at least two different farms. Cirilo Castillo, 41, of Edinburg, Texas, are two charges, including animal cruelty and two counts of criminal trespass. For that, he was fined $ 60,000. According to court records, CCTV video system mounted the mare's owner, had caught a glimpse of his neighbor, Castillo, entered the warehouse. To the investigators at the Hidalgo County Sheriff's office, the tape shows her brown horse tied to a fence and tie legs together again. Soon after the perpetrator had sex with the animal. Castillo was arrested by police on Tuesday after having identified himself in the video. So reported dailymail Police said that during the examination, Castillo also admitted to having sex with another horse, and on other farms. Court records show that other breeders in Alberta nearest met with investigators after he was allegedly caught having sex with a horse Cirilo Castillo as much as four times. He claimed that he had seen Castillo tied the horses and having sex with them.

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the world's tallest bridge

Mexican President Felipe Calderon inaugurated the world's tallest bridge. Baluarte bridge has a height of 403 meters is standing on a cliff in the mountains in the Sierra Madre, northern Mexico.
This pathway is part of a new highway through the area reefs in Mexico, from Mazatlan to Durango is located in the interior. "The project will unite the people residing in the northern part of Mexico," Calderon said in his inauguration.
Officials from the Guinness World of Records give an award to the highest Calderon for the construction of this bridge.
The opening of the bridge has a length of 1124 meters is part of the 200-year anniversary of independence of Mexico, which previously occupied Spain.
Mexicans hope will boost the construction of this bridge and the tourist trade in the region.
Mazatlan-Durango highway will replace a dangerous path, known as "devils backbone", across the mountains in the Sierra Madre.

The Mexican government also plans to build eight other bridges with heights above 300 meters, and also more than 60 tunnels.

Officials say construction will reduce travel time from Mazatlan and Durango, about six hours.

Baluarte is a modern bridge that connects the Pacific and Atlantic coast.

The bridge is also very high-higher than the Eiffel Tower in France.

Baluarte bridge height is the highest bridge to beat the record previously held by the Millau Viaduct in France, which has a height of 343 meters.

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Prohibition of Child To Name in New Zealand

Government New Zealand published a guide book the names of children who during the last 10 years are prohibited from applying for a New dipakai.Selandia strict regulations related to the naming of children.
A list of names which are prohibited to be administered to children include Christ, Majesty, President, Mafia No Fear, Queen Victoria, Bishop, and even Anal.
BBC correspondent in Sydney, Duncan Kennedy reports as many as 350 parents of children trying to call them by these names during the last 10 years.
Now the names of the forbidden has been incorporated into the handbook published by the Department of the Interior.
The department said that while most of acceptable names, names should be in conformity with the rules.
Some parents try to give their children names with Roman numerals or punctuation, such as an asterisk.
"The name Nevaeh, comes from heaven with a written upside down, could be questioned but now may be used," said Kennedy.
Is the popular name of the banned Justice. A total of 49 people trying to use that name but failed so far.
Four years ago a New Zealand court judge criticized the choice of names submitted by parents after the couple named their daughter named Tallulah Does The Hullah From Hawaii.
The judge then ordered that the child is taken care of the authorities that his name be replaced.
But names like Violence, Chardonnay, and Number Sixteen Bus Shelter has been allowed previously.

READ MORE - Prohibition of Child To Name in New Zealand

Sydney Opera House

Sydney's iconic Harbor Bridge and Opera House went dark on Saturday as Australians switched off lights around the country for an hour as part of a global effort to shine a spotlight on climate change. Hundreds of landmarks around the world including Washington's National Cathedral, London's Clock Tower, the Great Wall of China and Tokyo Tower will be dimmed at 8:30 p.m. local time. The central Sydney icons have been taking part in the annual event since Earth Hour began as a Sydney-only event in 2007. Australia is among the first countries to hit the light switches each year. In New Zealand, Sky Tower in Auckland and parliament buildings in Wellington switched off two hours earlier. WWF, the Washington-based environmental group that organizes the event, said the number of countries and territories participating had grown from 135 last year to 147 this year. Libya, Algeria, Bhutan and French Guinea are among those participating for the first time. "Earth Hour 2012 is a celebration of people power; the world's largest mas event in support of the planet," WWF official Dermot O'Gorman told reporters in Sydney on Saturday, hours before the event.

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These plants can cope with your kidney stones

Kidney stone disease can affect anyone. Not only the elderly, the youth were also potentially affected by this disease. For that, we should be more alert and on guard against attacks of this disease. One effort to keep a watch is a known drug that can overcome this kidney stone disease. Actually there are some plants that can be used as a kidney stone crusher, one of which is tempuyung. Tempuyung or in Latin called arvesis Sonchus is powerful enough to destroy kidney stones. In addition, it is also safe to use. Tempuyung actually a lot of wild plants that grow in dry, garden, field edge, at the cliffs even at the wall. Often times we find this plant growing in the cracked walls. Tempuyung shaped seeds and seedlings can be blown everywhere, this plant can grow if there is water or moist air, that's why tempuyung can be easily found at various places. It is said that kidney stones are deposits of calcium carbonate CaCO3 or the kidneys. The precipitate is very dangerous because it can cause kidney failure. Medically, kidney stones can be removed by surgery or laser shot. Well, for those who are afraid of the surgery is a alternative medicine herbal solution, and one of them is to eat tempuyung. Lots of useful mineral content in the leaves tempuyung, among which are silica, potassium, magnesium, sodium and organic compounds range of flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin-7-0-glucoside and apigenin-7-0-glucoside), coumarin (skepoletin), taraksasterol, inositol as well as phenolic acids (cinnamic, kumarat and vanilat). Empirically tempuyung plants can be used to treat some kinds of diseases. Not just a kidney stone or back pain, but also liver disease, heart disease and high blood pressure. In addition, tempuyung can also be used to treat bruises from the impact, how to attach it to the swelling. Even in China, but is used for medicine, this plant can also digunaka as an insecticide. Hopefully Helpful From various sources

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U.S. scientists have managed to grow in the damaged muscle jatung

During a heart attack, heart muscle loss of blood supply. The affected tissue dies, and the ability of the heart to pump blood around the body is reduced. If a patient gets relief in advanced medical facility in quick time, the doctors can open the blocked artery to the heart muscle before damage occurs. However, the Director of Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles, Eduardo Marbán, had more ambitious ideas.

The idea is for patients who have heart attacks in which the heart muscle becomes part of the scar, and challenging the belief that once formed, became a permanent scar tissue is healthy and that, once gone, will disappear forever. To do that, Marbán and his counterparts did a biopsy on small pieces of heart tissue from patients with heart attacks and use it to propagate stem cells in the laboratory. Millions of cardiac stem cells are then injected back into the parts of the heart defects caused by a heart attack.

Marbán explains, "This was done in the heart of the region affected, and the cells were implanted into the coronary artery that is blocked due to previous heart attacks." Marbán report the results of a small study of 25 patients in the online edition of The Lancet. Stem cell therapy can reduce the area of ​​scar tissue in half, from an average of about 24 percent to only 12 percent, as measured by MRI scan one year after treatment.

For comparison, a control group who did not receive stem cell therapy, did not experience a reduction in scarring. However, stem cell therapy does not improve overall cardiac function, although there appears to be increasing in certain areas where new cardiac tissue to grow back. "When we look at the functions of the affected area of ​​heart attack, the area is pumping better and better to contract compared with subjects who did not undergo cell therapy. So, accordingly, this therapy seems to work well, "he said again. Director of Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute Eduardo Marbán acknowledge that this study just test the idea. Further research may be able to find other ways to infuse the stem cells into heart patients, in addition to using stem cells from the heart of the corpse.
If stem cell therapy proved successful, he said the treatment will be available for heart attack patients in about four years.

READ MORE - U.S. scientists have managed to grow in the damaged muscle jatung

watch mobile phone with touch screen

You probably have never seen a watch that works as a phone or often called Mobile Phone Watch. In March this year there were more phone watch that comes with some advantages than ever. The name of this watch phone is the Assassin Dusk. The watch phone is in addition to stylish, elegant and smart. Watch mobile phone is equipped with a built-in camera, bluetooth ear, 2GB microSD memory card, video camera, FM radio, and connectivity with quadband GSM (850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz) so it can be used throughout the world.

In addition this watch phone uses 1.3-inch TFT touch screen is very simple to navigate and access the menus without using the stylus. Assassin Dusk can also run files in MP4 Player that allows you to play music, movies and your favorite pictures. This watch phone battery charge has 450 mAh capacity Li-ion battery that can speak in 3 hours. This watch uses the framework of solid stainless steel like a regular wristwatch.

An additional feature is the calendar, to do list, text documents (. Txt) reader, alarm clock, WAP internet access, and voice recorder. Cell phone watches you might have had with the price of 109.96 dollars, or about 1 million through the site

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Do not forget it change your car oil

The increase in fuel prices stay mennggu time. every rider must have mesakan effect on spending. various means savings began to be applied.

However, it is recommended that you should never imitate this one, by pressing spending less frequent oil changes done. although the Km has shown great distances, but the oil does not go replaced.

Spending on oil change can indeed be suppressed, but the overall long-term effects may be more wasteful. if the oil is still forced to work less well, which should be lubricated komponen2 will be more worn out. piston, piston ring or katup2 tidakmengalami good lubrication so that damage can occur faster. Other effects were more wasteful consumption of oil because oil was also burned out are marked with thick white smoke from the exhaust tip.

Therefore, even if fuel prices go up, not make savings by extending the oil replacement. If the oil quality was bad replaced with a new one soon. Penggatian oil indicator is usually by looking at Km is already taken. Even specific to the driver in traffic jam, it is suggested that the replacement of oil is not solely rely on the figures Km. accelerated replacement of oil's worth of provisions of the numbers in Km. Because, when a car stuck in traffic would not increase the number Km while the machine continues to work. lubricating oil that is not stopping metal components intersect each other even though the car is not running.

Km distance indicators other than for an oil change is to listen to the engine. if it was more a sign of quality crude oil has gone bad. Oil that had to be replaced is also characterized by decreased engine performance.

Oil quality and savings association can not only reduce the cost of repair or replacement of worn components. Good quality oil in the lubrication will ease the friction between the metal while running.

Conversely, bad oil will aggravate the friction that resulted in heavy rotation heavier engine that makes more wasteful fuel consumption

READ MORE - Do not forget it change your car oil

dangers of masturbation are more than the benefits

99% of teenage boys in the world at large would have had to masturbate / masturbation, usually performed between the ages of 17 to 20 years. Many expressed 'habit' is normal, and not infrequently that says this is not good.

Because this is considered 'normal' for a boost of testosterone is active at the age of 17 to 20 years. However, if viewed from the side of the human and religious norms, it is definitely prohibited. So which is it sob?

I will invite u to further examine the virtues and vices of masturbation for teen boys.

Advantages:

-> In order not to 'surprise' in MP / Night Suite / First Night.
-> (He said) Mr. P can be big, long, and strong. (This is not true)
-> Prevent prostate cancer. (Maybe yes, maybe not)
Vices:

(Physically)
-> Potential for premature ejaculation later if you had sexual intercourse with his wife.
-> The risk of prostate cancer in old age the greater.
-> Possible Mr. P and testes 'rapid deterioration'.
-> Concentration hard / difficult to focus.
-> Sleep disorders / insomnia.
-> The heart was beating continuously.
-> The lungs are not optimal work / rapid breathing.
-> Head of dizziness.
(Mentally)
-> Feelings of guilt after masturbation.
-> In some cases, many young people are accidents when the activity / work due to the focus / concentration.
-> So often daydream.
-> Potential psychological disease called 'Bipolar Disorder' (Bipolar Disorder), if this disease will be difficult to cure, the cure is the power of faith. Results from this disease if it is getting worse will be the sex maniac / sex maniac.
-> If you are accustomed to masturbation, then when he was arrested for not doing so, the sperm will come out by itself (this is the most chronic cases). Since this is a result of the brain that orders can not 'hold'.
-> Easily angered, pelampiasannya is masturbation

How? Shocked? Confused? Indeed, the above facts are true. So, forbid early. So, how do I prevent it?

This is how:

-> Diligent worship / religion and get closer to the things that encouraged religion.
-> Do positive activities such as playing games / gaming, read books, watch TV / Movies / DVD, Browsing par.
-> Avoid thoughts, words, and deeds that type of pornography / porno-action.
-> Find an interaction / positive peer / build ourselves.
-> Do not watch / download / see the things that lead to the pornography / porno action in any form.
-> If you have a 'collection' in the computer, shelves, and places the 'secret' else. Destroy all of them as early as possible.
-> Listen to the songs of 'ear-friendly'. Do not listen to the songs clubbing. Could lead to negative thoughts.
-> Take control of yourself.
-> If your friends / relations / family activities invite / walk, try to participate, if you are in the house / room alone, the greater your potential for masturbation.
-> Do not daydream.

hopefully these tips useful for you all.

READ MORE - dangers of masturbation are more than the benefits

Dangers of marijuana for Health

For troubled teens who are often better jauhin marijuana. In adolescence, the brain is in a very vulnerable period. Legalization of marijuana in Indonesia was so warm conversation after May 7 last Rim asks marijuana legalized marijuana archipelago. Although it has some benefits, marijuana is considered a type of drug that can make users addicted, experiencing hallucinations, euphoria effect shortly, lazy, and slow.

The effect of marijuana use could be worse for adolescents who are still growing. A study was conducted by a team from the Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to determine the effects of marijuana use in adolescents.

The study, published in The British Journal of Psychiatry analyzed the mental functioning of 100 cannabis users who consume it regularly for 10 years and 50 respondents are not users of marijuana.

They found that 49 people who start taking cannabis user since the age of 15 years have control impulsivity and poorer cognitive function. In the card sorting test, they make more mistakes. This compared with 55 respondents, a late start smoking marijuana, and 44 respondents are not users of marijuana.

"Those who use marijuana as a teenager to have a worse cognitive function. That's because, during adolescence the brain is in a very vulnerable period of the neurotoxic effects of marijuana," said lead researcher Dr. Maria Fontes, as quoted by the Daily Mail.

The use of marijuana as a teenager may lead to mental decline in cognitive function and that is bad for users. According to Dr. Maria, at the age of 15 years old brain is still developing and maturing in a period so that the use of marijuana would be very dangerous.

For the health and reduce the crime rate, the Netherlands, legalizing marijuana too, starting next year will limit consumption of marijuana for residents and tourists. It seems that the legalization of marijuana in Indonesia or to equate with smoking (soft drugs), must still be considered again because marijuana can damage the mental and the body of the wearer. learn to live healthy for a better future.

READ MORE - Dangers of marijuana for Health

History of mobile phone (Radiophones)

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.

The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, using the Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service. In 1956, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg.

Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.

The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[10] The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

During the initial marketing of cell phones in the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission capped the number of providers for each city (market area) at two, making it complicated to travel to any extent with your cell service.

In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators.

Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

READ MORE - History of mobile phone (Radiophones)

Capasitor History

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.
In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania in Germany found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found, after removing the generator, that touching the wire resulted in a painful spark. In a letter describing the experiment, he said "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France." The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked.
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and "proved" that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the 'jar', equivalent to about 1 nanofarad.[citation needed]
Leyden jars or more powerful devices employing flat glass plates alternating with foil conductors were used exclusively up until about 1900, when the invention of wireless (radio) created a demand for standard capacitors, and the steady move to higher frequencies required capacitors with lower inductance. A more compact construction began to be used of a flexible dielectric sheet such as oiled paper sandwiched between sheets of metal foil, rolled or folded into a small package.
Early capacitors were also known as condensers, a term that is still occasionally used today. The term was first used for this purpose by Alessandro Volta in 1782, with reference to the device's ability to store a higher density of electric charge than a normal isolated conductor.

READ MORE - Capasitor History

component Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:

I = V : R

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.


Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.


Units

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.


The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in siemens (SI unit), sometimes referred to as a mho. Hence, siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω − 1. Although the concept of conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are always specified in terms of their resistance (ohms) rather than conductance.

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LCD (Liquid crystal display) History

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.

They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. The most flexible ones use an array of small pixels. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[2] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The Liquid Crystal Display is intrinsically a “passive” device, it is a simple light valve. The managing and control of the data to be displayed is performed by one or more circuits commonly denoted as LCD drivers.

Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy, however, because of small variations of thickness across the device.

Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits and/or fixed symbols (as in digital watches, pocket calculators etc.) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment. In contrast full alphanumeric and/or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see Passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

Brief history

1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (1858–1927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441 (1888)).

1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work "Flüssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals).

1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in thin layers. 1922: Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics).

1927: Vsevolod Frederiks devises the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology.

1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve".

1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray.

1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

1964: George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation.[7][8][9] George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCD.[10] Heilmeier's work is an IEEE Milestone.

1960s: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.[7] Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown, Boveri & Cie who produced displays for wristwatches during the 1970s and also to Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.[12] In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[13] 1983: Researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC), Switzerland, invent the super-twisted nematic (STN) structure for passive-matrix addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,[14] U.S. Patent 4,634,229 and many more countries. Scientific details are published in the article referred to [15] 1990: Under different titles inventors conceived electrooptical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates (Abstract).[16] To take full advantage of the properties of this In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology further work was needed. After thorough analysis, details of advantageous embodiments are filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries (Abstract).[17] The Fraunhofer Institute in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigns these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, the world's leading supplier of LC substances. 1992: Shortly thereafter, engineers at Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels (Abstract).[18] Hitachi also improves the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. 1996 Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2010.[19] 2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpass CRT units in worldwide sales.[20] 2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank.[21] In October 2011, Toshiba has announced 2560x1600 pixels on an 6.1-inch LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,[22] especially for Chinese character display. A detailed description of the origins and the complex history of liquid crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days has been published by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.[23] Another report on the origins and history of LCD from a different perspective until 1991 has been published by Hiroshi Kawamoto, available at the IEEE History Center.

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way through the project Nawala

Nawala Project is a DNS filtering protection that protects your Internet connection from the things that pornography, gambling, phishing, malware, or anything harmful. Protection of Project Newsletters are often used in a particular cafe-cafe in my area, because of the way of protection that's easy to install. Usually young people who want to see porn site that smell would be surprised at the sight of the desired site could not be opened. Because it is so easy to put this protection, a way to penetrate the protection was also very easy, no software, no strange strange equipment. Here are the requirements necessary to pierce it:
1. You should be able to read and write
2. You should be able to operate a computer
3. No. You have to set up DNS server
How To Penetrate Protection Project Newsletters
- Right click on My Network Places Select Properties
- Right click on Local Area Connection Select Properties
- Select the Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) Click Properties
- Replace number DNS with: For the preferred DNS Server 208.67.222.222
For Alternate DNS Server 208.67.220.220

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Yugi Game

how to install this game to your computer is :
1. download Yugi 1-4
2. open winrarnya
3. merge the files that are inside
4. Yugi click pc
5. completed and Play This Game

Please download Yugi that is below:

1. Download Yugi 1 
2. Download Yugi 2 
3. Download Yugi 3 
4. Download Yugi 4

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Banyunibo temple

Banyunibo (Javanese: "dripping water") is a 9th century Buddhist temple located in Cepit hamlet, Bokoharjo village, Prambanan, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The temple is dated from the era of Medang Kingdom, and located on a narrow valley surrounded with paddy field, about two kilometers to the southeast of the Ratu Boko archaeological park on the east side of modern Yogyakarta. Further north is Prambanan temples, and to the south are the Gunung Sewu hills, extension of Gunung Kidul hills.

Architecture

Banyunibo has a curved rooftop design crowned with a solitary stupa, this theme is unique among the surviving Buddhist temples of Central Java. The curved rooftop was probably meant to symbolize lotus or padma petals, or it probably meant to mimic the organic roof made from ijuk fibres (black fibres surrounding the trunk of Arenga pinnata) common in ancient Java vernacular architecture and also can be found today in Balinese temple roof architecture. The main structure was originally surrounded by stupas at ground level, the foundations of which can still be seen today. The stupas foundations are arranged in a row of three stupas in south side of the temple, and three stupas on the east side. The northern side probably also contain the base of three stupas, however it still buried under a meter thick of earth. The main temple is facing west.

The stairs and the portal of the temple is adorned with typical Kala-Makara style, typical of ancient Central Javanese temples dated from this period. Makara is located on each side of the stair and Kala head is located on top of the portals. The niches surrounding the body of the temple is adorned with the images of boddhisattvas, while the niches upon the windows are adorned with the images of taras with each hands holding flowers. The inner wall is adorned with the image of Hariti surrounded by children (some parts of this relief are missing) and Vaisravana. The inner wall also adorned with a bald male figure underneath an umbrella being upheld by servants, suggests that it may represent one of the temple's patrons.

The collapsed ruins of Banyunibo was discovered on November 1940. Research are continued to 1942 and has succeed to reconstructed the roof and the portal section of the temple. The reconstruction was halted due to World War II and Indonesian National Revolution. In 1962 the restoration of sub-basement, foot, and wall section of the temple, as well as the north wall was finished. The reconstruction of Banyunibo temple was completed in 1978.

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lake toba from Indonesia

Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba) is a lake and supervolcano. The lake is 100 kilometres long and 30 kilometres wide, and 505 metres (1,666 ft) at its deepest point. Located in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from 2.88°N 98.52°E to 2.35°N 99.1°E. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world.

Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred an estimated 69,000 to 77,000 years ago, a massive, climate-changing event. The eruption is believed to have had a VEI intensity of 8. It is the largest known explosive eruption anywhere on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today. However, this theory is not widely accepted due to lack of evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species. However, it has been accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures between 3 to 5 °C (5 to 9 °F), and up to 15 °C (27.0 °F) in higher latitudes.

Geology<

The Toba caldera complex in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia consists of four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the Sumatran "volcanic front". The youngest and fourth caldera is the world's largest Quaternary caldera (100 by 30 km (62 by 19 mi)) and intersects the three older calderas. An estimate of 2,800 km3 (670 cu mi) of dense-rock equivalent pyroclastic material, known the Youngest Toba tuff, was blasted from the youngest caldera during one of the largest single explosive volcanic eruptions in geologic history. Following the "Youngest Toba tuff eruption", a typical resurgent dome formed within the new caldera, joining two half-domes separated by a longitudinal graben.

There are at least four cones, four stratovolcanoes and three craters visible in the lake. The Tandukbenua cone on the NW edge of the caldera is relatively lacking in vegetation, suggesting a young age of only several hundred years. Also, the Pusubukit volcano on the south edge of the caldera is solfatarically active.

More recent activity

Smaller eruptions have occurred at Toba since. The small cone of Pusukbukit has formed on the southwestern margin of the caldera and lava domes. The most recent eruption may have been at Tandukbenua on the northwestern caldera edge, since the present lack of vegetation could be due to an eruption within the last few hundred years.

Some parts of the caldera have experienced uplift due to partial refilling of the magma chamber, for example pushing Samosir Island and the Uluan Peninsula above the surface of the lake. The lake sediments on Samosir Island show that it has been uplifted by at least 450 metres (1,476 ft) since the cataclysmic eruption. Such uplifts are common in very large calderas, apparently due to the upward pressure of unerupted magma. Toba is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth. Large earthquakes have occurred in the vicinity of the volcano more recently, notably in 1987 along the southern shore of the lake at a depth of 11 km (6.8 mi).[ Other earthquakes have occurred in the area in 1892, 1916, and 1920–1922.

Lake Toba lies near the Great Sumatran fault which runs along the centre of Sumatra in the Sumatra Fracture Zone. The volcanoes of Sumatra and Java are part of the Sunda Arc, a result of the northeasterly movement of the Indo-Australian Plate which is sliding under the eastward-moving Eurasian Plate. The subduction zone in this area is very active: the seabed near the west coast of Sumatra has had several major earthquakes since 1995, including the 9.1 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and the 8.7 2005 Sumatra earthquake, the epicenters of which were around 300 km (190 mi) from Toba.

On 12 September 2007, a magnitude 8.5 earthquake shook the ground in Sumatra and was felt in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. The epicenter for this earthquake was not as close as the previous two earthquakes, but it was in the same vicinity.

On 26 October 2010, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred 36 kilometers (22 mi) southwest of the nearby island of Pagai-selatan. A 3-metre (10 ft) tsunami immediately followed the quake.

On 10 January 2012, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurred within the area.

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